The Articles of Christology & Apologetics

Christology

Christology is the branch of theology that studies the person and work of Jesus Christ—who He is (His person) and what He has done (His work). It is a central doctrine of the Christian faith, since the identity of Christ shapes everything else in theology.

Key Areas:

- The Person of Christ: Christology examines how Jesus is both fully divine and fully human in one person. The Council of Chalcedon (AD 451) defined this as the "hypostatic union"—two natures (divine and human) united in one person (hypostasis) without confusion, change, division, or separation.

- The Deity of Christ: Scripture affirms that Jesus is God (John 1:1; Colossians 2:9; Titus 2:13). He is eternal, preexistent, and shares the divine essence with the Father and the Spirit.

- The Humanity of Christ: Jesus is also fully human—He was born, grew, experienced hunger, sorrow, and death (Hebrews 4:15). His humanity is essential for Him to represent humanity and to atone for sin.

- The Work of Christ: This includes His incarnation (taking on flesh), His life of obedience, His death on the cross (atonement for sin), His resurrection, ascension, and His future return. His work is often summarized in three offices: Prophet, Priest, and King.

- Historical Debates: Early Christological controversies produced key heresies:

  - Docetism: denied Christ's real humanity.

  - Arianism: denied Christ's full divinity.

  - Nestorianism: divided Christ into two persons.

  - Eutychianism (Monophysitism): confused or merged His two natures.

  The church responded with the Nicene and Chalcedonian creeds.

Major Christological Titles:

- Messiah/Christ: the anointed deliverer promised in the Old Testament.

- Son of God: affirms His unique divine relationship with the Father.

- Son of Man: emphasizes His humanity and messianic role (Daniel 7:13–14).

- Lord (Kyrios): a title applied to Yahweh in the Old Testament and to Jesus in the New.

- Logos (Word): Jesus as the eternal Word through whom all things were made (John 1:1–14).

In Short: Christology answers the questions "Who is Jesus?" and "What did He do?"—affirming that He is the God-man, fully divine and fully human, whose life, death, and resurrection accomplish salvation for humanity.

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Notes: titles have been translated into English, but the linked articles themselves are written in Indonesian (https://tanya-jawab--kristen.blogspot.com). Please use a translation tool to read them.

Christology (Person and work of Jesus: nature, titles, incarnation, life) — 99 entries (65 primary, 34 copy)

1. "Believing in Jesus — According to Jesus, or the Qur'an?" An Apologetic in Dialogue with Islam (Oct 2026) (copy)
2. 21 GRAMS, DUAL NATURE, FREE WILL, TRANSGRESSION, AND THE BREAKING OF RELATIONSHIP (Oct 2026) (copy)
3. Jesus as God Throughout the Qur'an? A Synthesis of the Title "The Amen" in the Book of Revelation (Oct 2026) (copy)
4. Indonesian Language, Christology, and Hermeneutics (Sep 2026) (copy)
5. El, YHWH, Jesus: The God Who Saves (Sep 2026) (copy)
6. Verse: God Had to Come Down as a Human and Die to Become a Comfort (Sep 2026)
7. Jesus as God Praying to God - Explaining the Trinity of Presence Through Stages of Relationship (Sep 2026)
8. Article 6 - Jesus, Angels, the Devil, and the Status of "Son of God" (Sep 2026)
9. Article 4 - Jesus Explains His Dual Nature, John 3:3-7 (Sep 2026)
10. Article 5 - Jesus, the Friend Who Becomes the Way, the Dual Nature of Christ as the Logic of Necessity Toward Intimacy with the Holy Spirit (Sep 2026)
11. JESUS, ISRAEL, AND THE COVENANT PEOPLE, Why Christians Are Part of Judaism (Sep 2026) (copy)
12. JESUS, EPHRAIM AS A TYPOLOGY OF THE SUFFERING MESSIAH IN JEWISH TRADITION (TALMUD & MIDRASH) (Sep 2026)
13. The Dual Nature of Jesus, the Status of "Messenger" (Malakh), and the Anomaly of Exodus 3:14b (Sep 2026)
14. Jacob's Struggle, "God and Man," and the Dual Nature - The Logic of the Death of the Immanent God (Sep 2026)
15. Who Died on the Cross? Understanding the Death of Christ (Sep 2026) (copy)
16. Why Did Jesus Not Marry? Jesus' Single Status in Light of Hosea 11:9 (Sep 2026)
17. The Dual Nature of Jesus Christ, Hosea 11:9 and Micah 5:2 (Sep 2026)
18. JESUS, DAVID, AND ENDOGAMOUS MARRIAGE, Rereading the Messiah's Genealogy (Sep 2026)
19. The Seven Sayings of Jesus on the Cross, and Our Salvation (Sep 2026) (copy)
20. Why the Absence of the New Testament in the Time of Jesus and the Disciples Is Not a Problem - The Meaning of "Tradition" in Christianity (Sep 2026) (copy)
21. Jesus in the Synagogue: Speaking Hebrew or Aramaic? Mark 12:29 (Sep 2026)
22. Jesus as Human and God in One Person, Understanding the Incarnation Through the Logic of the Cycle of Love (Sep 2026)
23. Jesus, Prophet - King - Priest, Legitimate According to the Torah (Sep 2026)
24. JESUS, THE GOD WHO SAVES: BEYOND THE NAME, FULFILLING THE WORK (Sep 2026)
25. SALVATION ONLY THROUGH JESUS: FROM GRAMMAR TO HERMENEUTICS (Sep 2026) (copy)
26. CHRISTIANS AND "FOLLOW ME" AS JESUS' COMMAND (Sep 2026)
27. THE CRY OF GETHSEMANE AND THE CROSS: A STATEMENT OF DUTY OR A PLEA FOR MERCY? (Sep 2026)
28. EQUAL NOT THE SAME, A Critique of the Translation of Philippians 2:6 (TB) (Aug 2026)
29. The Cross in Jesus' Own Words (Aug 2026) (copy)
30. Do Not Listen to Paul, But to the Lord Jesus, Matthew 17:5 (Aug 2026) (copy)
31. Jesus Was Perfectly Obedient, Certainly Human, John 8:28 (Aug 2026)
32. Jesus Is Human, Not God. 2 John 1:7 (Aug 2026)
33. The Title "Lord" for Jesus, John 13:13, Philippians 2:9-11 (Aug 2026)
34. God Is Not Like Man - Rejecting the Incarnation, Jeremiah 10:6, Matthew 19 (Aug 2026)
35. On the Deity of Jesus, Hebrews 13:8 (Aug 2026)
36. The Revelation of the Incarnation - A Grammatical Analysis, Isaiah 43:10 (Aug 2026)
37. Birth: The Key to Understanding the Incarnation and the Status of the Son… (Aug 2026)
38. Incarnation: God Becoming a "Mini Version" of Himself, Genesis 1:26-27 (Aug 2026)
39. On the Incarnation, Not a Refutation, Isaiah 43:10 and Hebrews 13:8 (Aug 2026)
40. The Torah in the Eyes of Jesus - CIVIL/CRIMINAL LAW (Aug 2026) (copy)
41. The Torah in the Eyes of Jesus - CEREMONIAL LAW (Aug 2026) (copy)
42. The Torah in the Eyes of Jesus - MORAL LAW (Aug 2026) (copy)
43. Jesus Explains the Torah, Matthew 5:17-18, Luke 24:44, Romans 10:4, John 5:39-40 (Aug 2026) (copy)
44. Did Jesus Abolish the Torah? - Meaning, Matthew 5:17, Galatians 3:24, Romans 3:20, John 14:6 (Aug 2026) (copy)
45. HOW JESUS LOVES, John 21:15-17 (Aug 2026)
46. JESUS IS LORD, Matthew 18:3 and Luke 24:26 Are Open Only to the Humble Heart (Aug 2026)
47. Article A - THE TRINITY, PRESENCE EXPLAINS CHRISTOLOGY, Deut 6:4, Mark 13:32, Exod 33:20, John 14:6, John 3:16, John 1:14, Col 2:9, Hebrews 4:15, 1 Peter 3:18, Romans 6:9, John 17:1, John 14:28, Philippians 2:6-8, John 14:9 (Aug 2026) (copy)
48. Jesus, the Way of Intimacy (Yada) with God (Aug 2026)
49. Jesus the Messenger, Love Made Visible (Aug 2026)
50. God does not share the title of Messiah (Aug 2026) (copy)
51. Jesus Taught the Trinity (Aug 2026) (copy)
52. Article D - Jesus Taught Inherited/Original Sin, John 3:3-7, Matthew 15:18-20, Mark 7:20-23, Matthew 6:12, Luke 5:32 (Aug 2026) (copy)
53. Article 6: Jesus as the Fulfillment (Aug 2026)
54. Article 5: The Same Name (Aug 2026) (copy)
55. Article 4: The Eschatological Dimension of the Messenger (Jesus) (Aug 2026)
56. Article 3: The Mystery of the Mal'akh YHWH (Aug 2026) (copy)
57. The Controversy over the Genealogy of Jesus (Jul 2026)
58. The Way, the Truth, and the Life Are Interconnected (Jul 2026)
59. CHRIST IS THE PARALLEL OF THE GREAT COMMISSION (Jul 2026)
60. The Contradiction of the Garden of Gethsemane: Fear of Being Misunderstood (Jul 2026)
61. THE MEANING OF THE HEBREW INCARNATION, John 1:14, John 3:13, John 6:33, John 6:38 (Jul 2026)
62. A CHALLENGE TO THE TERM "INCARNATION" (Jul 2026)
63. THE FRUIT OF LIFE: FROM EDEN TO CHRIST (Jul 2026) (copy)
64. TRUE PERFECTION (Jul 2026)
65. WHY GOD BECAME HUMAN, NOT SENDING A HUMAN? Jeremiah 31:29-30, Ezekiel 18:20, Genesis 3:15, Romans 3:23, Psalm 49:8, Ephesians 2:8-9, 1 Timothy 2:5 (Jul 2026)
66. Jesus as the Bridegroom of the Human Bride (Jul 2026)
67. The Controversy over the Presence of Jesus Who Is "Always" and "Not Always There" (Jul 2026)
68. The Meaning of "Ego Eimi" (Jun 2026)
69. Jesus Is Not God and Lord (Jun 2026)
70. Incarnation, Mission, and the Celibacy of Jesus (Jun 2026)
71. Why Did Jesus Not Marry? (Jun 2026)
72. Garment of Glory: From Tabor to the Cross to the Resurrection (Jun 2026)
73. The Unity of the Divinity and Humanity of Jesus (Jun 2026)
74. Proof That Jesus Bore Sin in His Humanity (Jun 2026)
75. Proof That Jesus Bore Sin in His Divinity (Jun 2026)
76. Worship as Kenosis (Jun 2026) (copy)
77. The Whole Life of Jesus (Jun 2026)
78. The Essence of All of Jesus' Teaching (Jun 2026)
79. Mishkan Basar - The Veil, the Holy and Most Holy Place, the Ark of the Covenant, and the Altar of Sacrifice. (Jun 2026)
80. Mishkan Basar - The 3 Offices of Jesus (Jun 2026)
81. Mishkan Basar - The Three Hours of Darkness on the Cross (Jun 2026) (copy)
82. Mishkan Basar - The Veil of the Most Holy Place (Jun 2026)
83. Mishkan Basar - The Last Supper (Jun 2026) (copy)
84. Mishkan Basar - The Dual Nature (Jun 2026)
85. I (the Father) Send Me (the Son) (May 2026) (copy)
86. Jesus Is Lord - "ego eimi" (May 2026)
87. The Difference in Authority Between Elisha and Jesus (May 2026) (copy)
88. Explaining the Resurrection - 3 (Apr 2026) (copy)
89. Explaining the Resurrection - 2 (Apr 2026) (copy)
90. Explaining the Resurrection - 1 (Apr 2026) (copy)
91. Islam or Christianity, Who Loves Jesus More? (Aug 2025) (copy)
92. Did Jesus Really Have to Die "Cursed" on the Cross? (Aug 2025) (copy)
93. Jesus - Yahweh Shalom (2) (Aug 2025)
94. The Heretical Claim About Song of Songs 5:16 (Aug 2025)
95. The Messiah, Sin, and Repentance (Aug 2025)
96. Why Be Christian If Jesus Was Jewish? (Aug 2025)
97. Why Was Jesus Baptized? (Aug 2025)
98. Jesus' Adolescence into Adulthood, Where Did He Disappear to for 13 Years? (Aug 2025)
99. Jesus - YAHWEH Shaloom (Jul 2025)